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Muhammad bin Abdullah (Arabic: محمد بن عبد الله; transliteration: Muhammad; [1] spelled [mʊħɑmmæd] (listen); [ (ca. 570/571 Mecca [مكة] / [مكه] - June 8, 632 Medina),  is the carrier of the teachings of Islam, and believed by Muslims as a prophet and (Apostle) is last. According sirah (biography), which recorded about Muhammad, he mentioned was born about 20 April 570/571, in Mecca (Makkah) and died on 8 June 632 at Medina at the age of 63 years. Both towns are located in the Hejaz (Saudi Arabia today). He haram depicted in sculptures or illustrations.

Michael H. Hart in his book The 100 judge Muhammad as the most influential figures in human history. According to Hart, Muhammad was the only one who managed to achieve remarkable success in both spiritual and social. Hart noted that Muhammad was able to manage a nation that initially selfish, barbaric, backward and divided by tribal sentiments, become a developed nation in the economic, cultural and military, and even able to defeat the Roman army who was then the world's leading military power in the battle .The authors sirah (biography) of Muhammad is generally agreed that he was born in the Year of the Elephant, the year 570 AD, which is in the failure of Abraha attacked Mecca. Muhammad was born in the city of Mecca, in the southern Arabian Peninsula, a place that when it is the most backward regions in the world, far from the center of commerce, arts, and science. His father, Abdullah [11], died in the course of trade in Medina, who was then called Yathrib, when Muhammad was still in the womb. He left the property five camels, a flock of sheep and a slave woman named Umm Ayman who then take care of the Prophet. [
By the time Muhammad was six years old, his mother Aminah bint Wahab him to Yathrib (now Medina) to visit his family and visit his grave. But on the way home, his mother fell ill. After a few days, Aminah died in Abwa 'which is located not far from Yathrib, and was buried there. After his mother died, Muhammad kept by his grandfather,' Abd al-Muttalib. After his grandfather died, he was guarded by his uncle, Abu Talib. When he is asked to herding his goats around Mecca and often accompanied his uncle in the domestic affairs of its trading to Sham (Syria, Lebanon, and Palestine).
Almost all the hadith scholars and historians agree that Muhammed was born in the month of Rabi ', although they disagree about the date. Among Shiites, according to the direction of the priest who is a direct descendant of Muhammad, believed that he was born on Friday, 17 Rabi ', while Sunnis believe that he was born on Monday, 12 Rabi' (August 2, 570 M). Make friends with Khadijah
When Muhammad reached the age of adolescence and growing into an adult, he began studying martial arts and archery, nor the knowledge to increase their skills in trade. Trade becomes a common practice and is regarded as one of a stable income. Muhammad often accompanied his uncle to trade to the north and the news about the honesty and trustworthy character spread rapidly, making it much trusted as an intermediary dealer merchandise Mecca residents.
One person who heard about the news of young people who are honest and trustworthy in a trade with a widow named Khadijah. He is someone who has a high status among the Arab tribes. As a merchant, he also often send the merchandise to various corners of the Arab region in the country. Khadijah Muhammad's reputation makes entrusted to manage merchandise Khadijah, Muhammad promised to be paid by him twice and was very impressed when returning Khadijah Muhammad brought the trade of more than usual.
Over time Muhammad eventually fell in love with Khadijah, they were married at the time of Muhammad was 25 years old. At that Khadijah was approaching the age of 40 years old, but he still has a captivating beauty that can be Muhammad. Much age difference and status held by the widow Khadijah did not become an obstacle for them, though at the time the Quraysh tribe has a culture that is more about the marriage with a girl rather than a widow. Although their wealth grew, Muhammad lived as a simple man, he prefers to use his money for things more important.[Edit] Getting a degree
When Muhammad was 35 years old, he was with the Quraysh in the repair of the Kaaba. At the time the leaders of the Quraysh tribe arguing about who is entitled to put the Black Stone, Muhammad could fix the problem and provide fair settlement. At that time he was known among the Arab tribes because its properties are commendable. His people loved him, until finally he obtained his Al-Amin, which means "one who can be trusted".
Also narrated that Muhammad is the one who believed so strongly in the unity of God. He lived a very simple way and resent the properties of greedy, arrogant and conceited are prevalent among the Arabs at that time. He was known to care for the poor, widows and children unable to orphans and share the pain by trying to help them. He also avoids all the crimes that have been entrenched in the Arab nation at that time such as gambling, drinking, abusive behavior, etc., so he was known as As-Saadiq, which means "true".Muhammad was born in the middle of the backward communities who are happy with the violence and fighting and by the age of 40, he was often alone into the Cave of Hira 'cave hill about 6 miles east of Mecca, which was then known as Jabal An Nur. Days he could engage in meditation (contemplation) and search for peace and his attitude was regarded as so contrary to the Arab culture of the era who likes to huddle. From here, he often thinks deeply, and ask God to destroy paganism and ignorance.
Muhammad was first appointed as apostles on the night of 17 Ramadan / M 611 August 6, narrated by the angel Gabriel came and read the first sura of the Quran is presented to Muhammad, the surah Al-Alaq. Muhammad instructed to read a verse that has been delivered to him, but he was evasive, saying he could not read. Gabriel repeated three times asking Muhammad to read, but the answer remains the same. Gabriel said:"Read with the name of your Lord who created man from a clot. Read, with the name of the merciful Lord, who taught man by the hand (writing, reading). He taught man what he did not know. (Al-Alaq 96: 1-5) "
Muhammad was 40 years 6 months and 8 days at a time when the first paragraph of his appointment as a messenger delivered to him according to the calculation of lunar year (calendar by month), or 39 years 3 months 8 days according to the calculation of the year or years Syamsiah BC (based on the solar calendar). After the incident at the Cave of Hira, Muhammad returned to his home, his body temperature was reported he felt alternately hot and cold by what had just happened and asked her to give him a blanket.
It is related also to more reassuring him, Khadijah took Muhammad went to his cousin who is also a Christian is Waraqa bin Nawfal. Waraqah many knew the prophecies about the last prophet of the holy books of Christians and Jews. Hearing stories experienced by Muhammad, Waraqah said, that he had been chosen by God to be a prophet. Then Waraqah mention that An-Namus al-Akbar (Angel Gabriel) came to him, his people will say that he was an impostor, they will be hostile and fight it.
Muhammad received the Quran gradually within a period of 23 years. The verses are derived based on factual events that are happening, so that almost every verse the Quran down accompanied by Asbabun Nuzul (cause / event underlying decline paragraph). The verses are dropped as far as it is collected as a compilation called, also called Al Mushaf Al-Qur ʾ an (reading).
Some verses of the Quran have Izhar interpretation or understanding (obviously), especially the verses of the Islamic law, trade law, marriage law and regulations set by the foundation of Islam in other aspects. While some other verses revealed to Muhammad vague sense, in the sense that there needs to be more in-depth interpretation and assessment to ensure the meaning contained in it, in this case the most direct examples of Muhammad gave these verses in social interaction and religious everyday , so that his followers follow him as an example and a standard of conduct and propriety in public life bertata.

Albert Einstein 

(born in Ulm, Kingdom of Württemberg, German Empire, March 14, 1879 - died in Princeton, New Jersey, USA, 18 April 1955 at age 76 years) is a theoretical physicist who is widely regarded as the greatest scientist of the century 20. He put forward the theory of relativity and also greatly contributed to the development of quantum mechanics, statistical mechanics, and cosmology. He was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1921 for his explanation of the photoelectric effect and "for his services to Theoretical Physics".
Having formulated the theory of general relativity, Einstein became famous throughout the world, an unusual achievement for a scientist. In his old age, his fame beyond the fame of all scientists in history, and in popular culture, Einstein has become a byword for intelligence or even genius. His face is one of the most known around the world.Albert Einstein, People of the Century (Person of the Century)
In 1999, Einstein called the "People of the Century" by Time magazine.
To appreciate them, a unit of the photochemical named Einstein, a chemical element named einsteinium, and a named asteroid 2001 Einstein.

Einstein's most famous formula E = mc ²
Youth and university
Einstein was born in Ulm in Württemberg, Germany, about 100 km east of Stuttgart. His father named Hermann Einstein, a salesman feather bed which then undergo an electrochemical works, and his mother was Pauline. They were married in Stuttgart-Bad Cannstatt. They are descendants of Jewish families; Albert schooled in Catholic school and the mother wishes he was given violin lessons.
At age five, his father showed him a pocket compass, and Einstein realized that something in space that is "empty" acted upon the needle; he would later describe the experience as one of the most evocative moment in his life. Although he makes and models of mechanical devices as a hobby, he is considered a slow learner, possibly due to dyslexia, shyness, or because the structure of rare and unusual in his brain (examined after his death). He later credited to the theory of relativity to this slowness, saying that by pondering space and time than other children, he was able to develop a more developed intellect. Another, more recently, about the mental development is that he suffers from Asperger's Syndrome, a condition associated with autism.
Einstein began to study mathematics at the age of twelve years. There are rumors that he failed mathematics in his education, but this is not true; replacement in the assessment to be confused in the following year. Two of his uncle helped to develop interest in the intellectual world at the end of his childhood and early adolescence by providing suggestions and books on science and mathematics.
In 1894, following the failure of his father's electrochemical business, the Einsteins moved from Munich to Pavia, Italy (near Milan). Albert stayed behind to finish school, finish a semester before rejoining his family in Pavia.
Failure of the liberal arts portion of the Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule (Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, in Zurich) in the following year was a step backward by his family sent him to Aarau, Switzerland, to finish high school, where he received a diploma in 1896, Einstein several times to register at the Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule. The following year he took off his Württemberg citizenship and became not bekewarganegaraan.'Einsteinhaus' in Bern where Einstein and Mileva lived (on the 1st floor) in the Annus Mirabilis
In 1898, Einstein met and fell in love with Mileva Maric, a Serb who is a classmate (and friend Nikola Tesla). In 1900, he was granted a teaching by the Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule and was accepted as a Swiss citizen in 1901. During this time Einstein discussed his scientific interests with close friends, including Mileva. He and Mileva had a daughter named Lieserl, born in January 1902. Lieserl, at the time, was considered illegitimate because the parents were married.

Thomas Alva Edison 

(born February 11, 1847 - died October 18, 1931 at age 84 years) was an inventor and businessman who developed many important devices. The Wizard of Menlo Park is one of the first inventors to apply the principles of mass production in the discovery process.

Sir Isaac Newton FRS (born in Woolsthorpe-by-Colsterworth, Lincolnshire, January 4, 1643 - died March 31, 1727 at the age of 84 years; KJ: December 25, 1642 - 20 March 1727) was a physicist, mathematician, astronomer, natural philosopher, alchemist, and theologian who came from England. He is the heliocentric and the followers of the most influential scientists in history, even said to be the father of classical physics.Yout
In 1870 he invented the telegraph which is better. The machines can print the messages on a long paper tape. Money earned from his invention was sufficient to establish his own company. In 1874 he moved to Menlo Park, New Jersey. There he made a major scientific workshop and the first in the world. After that he made many important discoveries. In 1877 he discovered the phonograph. In the year 1879 he managed to find the electric light and then he also found a projector for small films. In 1882 he installed electric lights in the streets and houses as far as one kilometer in the city of New York. This is the first time in the world of electric lights in use on the streets. In 1890, he founded the company General Electric.Thomas Edison as a young
Edison is considered as one of the most prolific creator of his day, holding a record 1,093 patents in his name. He also helped in the field of defense the United States government. Some of his research include: detection of the aircraft, destroying periscopes with machine guns, submarine detection, stop the torpedo nets, increasing the power of the torpedo, the ship camouflage, and many more.
He died at the age of 84, on the anniversary of the famous inventions, modern light bulb.

NEWTON

The work of his Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica, published in 1687 considered the most influential books in the history of science. This book laid the foundations of classical mechanics. In this work, Newton described the laws of gravity and three laws of motion which dominated the scientific view of the universe for three centuries. Newton was able to show that the motion of objects on Earth and outer space objects are set by the set of natural laws are the same. He proved it by showing the consistency between Kepler's laws of planetary motion with the theory of gravity. His work was finally remove doubt scientists will heliosentrisme and advancing the scientific revolution.
In the field of mechanics, Newton sparked the principle of conservation of momentum and angular momentum. In the field of optics, he successfully built the first reflecting telescope and developed a theory of color based on the observation that a glass prism will split white light into other colors. He also formulated the law of cooling and studied the speed of sound.
In mathematics as well, along with the works of Gottfried Leibniz carried out separately, Newton developed differential calculus and integral calculus. He also managed to define binomial theory, developed the "Newton method" to approach the zero value of a function, and contribute to the study of power series.
Newton even now is still very influential among scientists. A 2005 survey which asked the scientists and the public at the Royal Society of who is to make greater contributions in science, whether Newton or Albert Einstein, showed that Newton considered to provide a greater contribution 

 IBNU SINA  

(980-1037), also known as Avicenna in the West is a philosopher, scientist, and physician born in Persia (now part of Uzbekistan). He is also a prolific writer with most of his work is about the philosophy and medicine. For many people, he is the "Father of Modern Medicine" and many others called him the most concerned with his work in the field of medicine. His work is very famous Qanun fi Thib is a reference in the field of medicine for centuries.
Ibn Sina's full name Abū 'Alī al-Husayn ibn' Abdullah ibn Sina (Persian Abu Ali Sina ابوعلى سينا ​​or in written Arabic: أبو علي الحسين بن عبد الله بن سينا). Ibn Sina was born in 980 in Afsyahnah area near Bukhara, now the territory of Uzbekistan (then Persia), and died in June 1037 in Hamadan, Persia (Iran).
He is the author of 450 books on the subject of a large number. Many of them focus on philosophy and medicine. He is considered by many as the "father of modern medicine." George Sarton called Ibn Sina "the most famous scientist of Islam and one of the most famous in all areas, place and time." The most famous work is The Book of Healing and The Canon of Medicine, also known as the Qanun (full title: Al-Qanun fi Tibb At).
Ibn Sina is a philosopher, scientist, physician and an active writer who was born in the golden age of Islamic civilization. At that age many Muslim scientists to translate scientific texts from Greece, Persia and India. From ancient Greek texts of Plato, Aristotle thereafter until the time of intensive widely translated and further developed by Muslim scientists. This development was mainly carried out by the universities founded by Al-Kindi. Development of science in this period include mathematics, astronomy, algebra, trigonometry, and science of medicine. . At Samayid Dynasty Persian territories in the eastern Khorasan and western Iran section Buyid Dynasty and Persian provide an atmosphere conducive to the development of science and culture. In Dynasty Samanids, Bukhara and Baghdad became the center of culture and the science of the Islamic world.
Other disciplines such as science studies of the Quran and Hadith to the atmosphere evolve with the development of scientific development. Other sciences such as philosophy, Jurisprudence Studies, Science, Kalam is growing rapidly. At that time Al-Razi and Al-Farabi contributed knowledge in the field of medicine and philosophy. At that time Ibn Sina have access to learning in large libraries in the region of Balkh, Khwarezmia, Gorgan, Ray City, City of Isfahan and Hamedan. In addition to a large library facilities that have a large collection of books, at that time of life are also some Muslim scholars such as Abu Raihan al-Biruni was a famous astronomer, Aruzi Samarqandi, Abu Nasr Mansur a famous mathematician, Abu al-Khayr Khammar a well-known physicists and other scientists.